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Authors
Flood, E. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3526-9670
Clarke, N.
King-Kallimanis, B. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9418-9374
Musoro, J. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6228-3531
Eremenco, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-0235
Ward, C. L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4857-7397
Cappelleri, J. C. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9586-0748
Nolte, S. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6185-9423
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Article History
Received: 1 February 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: EF is an employee and a stockholder of AstraZeneca. EF is an employee and a stockholder of AstraZeneca. NC was an employee of AstraZeneca at the time the study was conducted and reports no competing interests. BLK Research funding for LUNGevity Foundation Lilly, AstraZeneca, G1 Therapeutics, Bristol-Myers Squibb/Roche, Merck, Blueprint Medicines, Genentech, Takeda, Jazz Pharmaceuticals, Mirati Therapeutics, Johnson and Johnson and Gilead. Consulting fees AbbVie, Lilly, Shionogi, Adelphi. JM reports no competing interests. SE is a full-time employee of the Critical Path Institute and reports no competing interests. CLW is an employee of Otsuka Pharmaceuticals. JCC is an employee and a stockholder of Pfizer Inc. SN received consulting fees and Advisory Board honoraria from the Movember Foundation and consulting fees from the Mapi Research Trust and Bertelsmann Stiftung, all outside the submitted work.
