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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 24 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable: The manuscript includes views of Public Contributors, as part of our Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE). Research ethics was not required, as Public Contributors are deemed collaborators rather than research participants. However, a favourable research ethics committee approval was given for the study described, which detailed the role of PPIE (Health and Social Care Research Ethics Committee B (REC B), Reference: 23/NI/0104).

: Not applicable: No personal data is included, other than anonymous quotes given by Public Contributors.

: OLA receives funding from the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical research Centre (BRC), West Midlands, Birmingham, NIHR Applied Research Collaboration (ARC) West Midlands, NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Precision Cellular Therapeutics (BTRU-PCT), LifeArc, UK Research and Innovation (UKRI), Health Foundation, Merck, Anthony Nolan, Gilead Sciences Ltd, Sarcoma UK, and GSK. He declares personal fees from Gilead Sciences Ltd, Merck and GSK outside the submitted work. MC is Director of the Birmingham Health Partners Centre for Regulatory Science and Innovation, Director of the Centre for the Centre for Patient Reported Outcomes Research and is a NIHR Senior Investigator. MC receives funding from the NIHR, UKRI, NIHR Birmingham BRC, NIHR BTRU-PCT, LifeArc, the NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, NIHR ARC West Midlands, UK SPINE, European Regional Development Fund – Demand Hub and Health Data Research UK at the University of Birmingham and University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Innovate UK (part of UKRI), Macmillan Cancer Support, UCB Pharma, Merck, Anthony Nolan, GSK and Gilead. MC has received personal fees from Astellas, Aparito Ltd, CIS Oncology, Takeda, Merck, Daiichi Sankyo, Glaukos, GSK and the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI), Genentech, Vertex, ICON, Halfloop, and Pfizer outside the submitted work. In addition, a family member owns shares in GSK. RC receives funding from NIHR BTRU-PCT and Oxford NIHR BRC. RC is on the Advisory Board of Novartis and Accelerating Clinical Trials Ltd and has received consulting fees for Accelerating Clinical Trials Ltd and speaking honoraria from Miltenyi and Malinkrodt Pharmaceuticals. SEH receives funding from the NIHR, UKRI, Rinri Therapeutics, Anthony Nolan, and declares personal fees from Cochlear Ltd, Astra Zeneca, Pfizer, CIS Oncology, and Aparito Ltd outside the submitted work. CM receives funding from NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre (SRMRC), UKRI, CIS Oncology, Anthony Nolan, and declares personal fees from Aparito Ltd outside the submitted work. KLS receives funding from NIHR BTRU-PCT. VY receives funding from NIHR BTRU-PCT. Other authors have declared no competing interests.