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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 15 September 2025

First Online: 7 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS—Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (Prot N. 0028394/23; October 5, 2023). The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Participants gave their written informed consent.

: CS consultant for Medtronic and AnX Robotics, speaker’s fees from Olympus and Pentax. ES co-founder and shareholder of Lucida Medical; Research support, GEHC, AWS; Speakers’ bureau, GEHC, BRACCO, Philips, AWS. ES is a member of the scientific editorial board of European Radiology Experimental (section: Artificial intelligence, augmented reality, computer science, and radiomics) and, as such, did not participate in the selection or review processes for this article. IB Consultant for Apollo Endosurgery, Boston Scientific, Nitinotes, Pentax, Cook Medical, Microtech, ERBE, Siemens, Myka labs, and Endo Tools Therapeutics S.A., sponsored lectures for Apollo Endosurgery, Boston Scientific, Cook Medical, and Microtech, recipient of research grants from Apollo Endosurgery, Endo Tool Therapeutics, and ERBE, and is on the scientific advisory boards of Nitinotes and Myka labs. Other authors have no disclosures to report.