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Authors
Rallios, Dimitrios https://orcid.org/0009-0007-5639-0705
Hilbert, Adam
Majoie, Charles
van Zwam, Wim Van H.
van der Lugt, Aad
Bendszus, Martin
Bonekamp, Susanne
Vajkoczy, Peter
Aydin, Orhun U.
Frey, Dietmar
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme (101057263)
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Article History
Received: 27 August 2025
Accepted: 9 January 2026
First Online: 16 March 2026
Declarations
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: Pseudonymized imaging data from the MR CLEAN trial were provided by Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam to Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin under a GDPR-compliant data sharing agreement (Regulation EU 2016/679, dated 25.02.2022). The MR CLEAN trial protocol was approved by a central medical ethics committee and the research boards of all participating centers. Additional data from University Hospital Heidelberg (UKHD) were provided under approval of the Ethics Commission of UKHD (reference S-676/2022), which stated “no objections to the conduct of the study.”
: All patients or their legal representatives provided written informed consent before randomization in the MR CLEAN trial or participating in the VALIDATE project.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. CM reports grants from the Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative, an initiative of the Dutch Heart Foundation, European Union, Stryker, and Boehringer Ingelheim (all paid to their institution); and is a (minority interest) shareholder of Nicolab.
