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Article History

Received: 31 July 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 4 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was conducted using fully anonymized imaging data retrieved from the institutional PACS. No identifiable information was collected, and no data were transferred outside the institution. According to the internal guidelines of Humanitas IRCCS Research Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB), studies involving the use of pre-existing, fully anonymized data for non-interventional research purposes do not require formal IRB protocol submission and are considered implicitly approved. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study, in accordance with institutional policy and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: According to the internal guidelines of Humanitas IRCCS Research Hospital Institutional Review Board (IRB), studies involving the use of pre-existing, fully anonymized data for non-interventional research purposes do not require formal IRB protocol submission and are considered implicitly approved. Therefore, ethical approval and informed consent were not required for this study, in accordance with institutional policy and the Declaration of Helsinki.

: EL, AA, and AV are members of the Scientific Editorial Board of European Radiology Experimental , and as such, they did not participate in the selection or review processes for this article. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.