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Authors
Wu, Luyao
Lin, Jinjiang
Zheng, Weikai
Zhang, Ruonan
Zheng, Qingzhu
Wang, Yangdi
Ke, Yaoqi
Ye, Ziyin
Liu, Xubin
Li, Zhoulei
Mao, Ren
Peng, Zhenpeng
Sun, Canhui
Chen, Zhihui
Feng, Shi-ting
Huang, Lili
Shen, Xiaodi
Li, Xuehua https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7476-2644
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270693)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82070680)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82572164)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271958)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82471948)
Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2023B1515020070)
Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province (2023A1515011097)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Sun Yat-sen University (24ykqb003)
2023 SKY Imaging Research Fund of the Chinese International Medical Foundation (Z-2014-07-2301)
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study, consisting of three cohorts, was approved by the Institutional Ethics Review Board of First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (no. [2023]849; December 5, 2023). Written informed consent was obtained from participants prospectively enrolled (the two surgical cohorts) and was waived for those retrospectively included (follow-up cohort).
: An institutional consent form to publish anonymized image examples was taken from the patients.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
