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Article History

Received: 29 July 2025

Revised: 18 February 2026

Accepted: 19 March 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of the Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, on September 12, 2019, with approval number 2019_168#B2019614.

: All included patients provided written informed consent.

: KH and JS are members of the Scientific Editorial Board of European Radiology Experimental (section: Abdomen/gastrointestinal) and, as such, did not participate in the selection or review processes for this article. KB, KR, NW, JT, AN, and JB have nothing to declare. FV received honoraria and/or speaker fees from AbbVie, Janssen, Pfizer and Takeda. CB reports an unrestricted research grant from Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche; received speaker’s fees from Takeda, MSD and Tillots Pharma; and is part of the advisory board of Takeda. WB received speaker fees from Applied Medical, Johnson Medical and Galapagos. GD has served as advisor and/or received speaker fees from AbbVie, Agomab Therapeutics, Alimentiv, AstraZeneca, Bristol Meiers Squibb, Cytoki, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Exeliom Biosciences, Ferring, Galapagos, Glaxo Smith Kline, Pfizer, Polpharm, Immunic, Index Pharmaceuticals, Johnson and Johnson, Merck, ProciseDx, Roivant, Seres Health, Takeda, Tillotts and Ventyx. KG has received research grants from AbbVie, Alfasigma, Celltrion, Pfizer Inc; consultancy fees from AbbVie, Arena Pharmaceuticals, Eli Lilly, Galapagos, Gilead, Immunic Therapeutics, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer Inc. and Takeda and speaker’s honoraria from AbbVie, Celltrion, Eli Lilly, Ferring, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Pfizer Inc., Takeda and Tillotts and is part of the advisory board of Takeda. AM has received a speaker’s fee from Takeda. OGC is funded by two grants: the Dutch Cancer Society (KWF-UVA 2021.13785) and the Dutch Research Council (NWO) (VIDI file number 20367). Both grants had no role in the design of this study, the execution, analyses, interpretation, or decision to submit results. JS is funded by two grants: the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation (ECCO) grant and the research institute Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC. Both grants had no role in the design of this study, the execution, analyses, interpretation, or decision to submit results.