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Authors
Zhang, Mengwei
Wu, Qian
Zhu, Mo
Zhang, Tao
Gu, Chunyan
Gu, Wenhao
Du, Mingzhan
Shen, Hailin
Hu, Chunhong
Yang, Yan
Wang, Ximing
Yu, Yixing https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6895-962X
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Suzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (SKY2023146)
Suzhou Basic Research Pilot Project (SSD2024083)
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation General Program (2024M752334)
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Article History
Received: 16 January 2026
Revised: 14 July 2026
Accepted: 27 July 2026
First Online: 8 September 2026
Ethics
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This multicenter study was approved by the institutional review boards of all three participating hospitals (Institute 1: the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 2024431; Institute 2: the Nantong Third People’s Hospital, No. EK2023025; Institute 3: the First People’s Hospital of Taicang, No. 2022-ky-203), and informed consent was waived due to its retrospective nature.
Consent for publication: Consent to publish anonymized images is routinely obtained from patients in our institution in line with our institutional policy.
Competing interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
