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Article History

Received: 22 December 2025

Accepted: 18 April 2026

First Online: 25 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional ethics committee (application number 20-9747-BO).

: All procedures performed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.

: The requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee because of the retrospective design and anonymized data analysis.

: Thomas Dertnig is a consultant for Boston Scientific. He has received honoraria or travel support from Replimune, Ethicon, Guerbet, Bayer, Siemens Healthineers. Arthur Braat is a consultant for Boston Scientific, Terumo, Telix Pharmaceuticals and GE Healthcare, and receives research support from Boston Scientific, Telix Pharmaceuticals, Ariceum Therapeutics, Siemens Healthineers. Stefan Kasper received honoraria from Merck Healthcare, Daiichi Sankyo, Pierre Fabre, MSD, GSK, Novartis, BMS, Amgen, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier, Incyte, Lilly, Beone, Astellas, Takeda, Taiho; research funding from Lilly, BMS, Roche. Benedikt M. Schaarschmidt is a consultant for Boston Scientific. He has received honoraria from AstraZeneca and Siemens Healthineers and travel support from Bayer AG; research funding from Bayer AG, PharmaCept GmbH.

: Conceptualization: TD, BMS; Methodology: TD, BMS; Data curation: TD, RK, LM, TAA, AJATB, MMS; Formal analysis: TD, BMS; Investigation: TD; Visualization: TD; Writing – original draft: TD; Writing – review & editing: all authors; Supervision: BMS.