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Authors
Elmesiry, Amal Mohamed
Ibrahim, Amira Shahin
Elabd, Hemmat A.
Naggar, Basma Mohamed El
Elsalam, Eman E. Abd
Moussa, Mai Abd El Halim
Rageh, Eman A.
Mokhtar, Mona
Harb, Muhammad M.
Elshazly, Aya H.
Khalafallah, Mohamed A.
Hassan, Atef A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Al-Azhar University
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Article History
Received: 24 October 2025
Accepted: 10 December 2025
First Online: 29 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study analyzed a publicly available, fully de-identified dataset hosted on Harvard Dataverse ( ). Institutional review board approval and individual informed consent were not required, as per the journal’s policy, for secondary analyses of de-identified public data. No attempt has been made to re-identify or link to external sources. All analyses complied with the dataset licenses and terms of use.
: Not applicable.
: This study adheres to the TRIPOD + AI recommendations for reporting prediction models that use machine learning.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
