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Authors
Alshareef, Maram H. https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7359-0580
Almutair, Ghalia
Hafiz, Waleed
Ibrahim, Shoroug
Hariri, Nahla H.
Shatla, Mokhtar
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 18 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the local institutional review boards and the national ethics committee: the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of Umm Al Qura University [ HAPO-02-K-012-2023-10-1843 ]. Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the duration of the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
