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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 30 January 2026

First Online: 3 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Medical and Health Research Involving Human Subjects issued by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of Niigata University (approval number: 2022-0012). The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of de-identified clinical data. Institutional permissions were obtained from all participating centers prior to data collection.

: Not applicable.

: Yuto Tanno (YT) has received lecture fees from AbbVie GK and Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp. Naoki Kondo (NK) has received lecture fees from AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Sanofi K.K., Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and UCB Japan Co., Ltd. Satoshi Ito (SI) has received lecture fees from AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., AYUMI Pharmaceutical Corporation, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Ltd., Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., Pfizer Japan Inc., Sanofi K.K., Sandoz K.K., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and UCB Japan Co., Ltd. Yoko Wada (YW) has received lecture fees from AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., and Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Takeshi Kuroda (TK) has received lecture fees from AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Ltd., Sandoz K.K., and Taisho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Daisuke Kobayashi (DK) has received lecture fees from AbbVie GK, Asahi Kasei Pharma Corp., Astellas Pharma Inc., Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Eisai Co., Ltd., Eli Lilly Japan K.K., Janssen Pharmaceutical K.K., Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Co., Ltd., Sanofi K.K., Sandoz K.K., Taisho Toyama Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., and UCB Japan Co., Ltd. All other authors declare no conflicts of interest.