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Article History

Received: 27 February 2026

Accepted: 19 June 2026

First Online: 30 June 2026

Declarations

:

: SLE and healthy control data and blood sample collection, and staining was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee of St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney (2020/ETH01416) in accordance with The Australian Code for the Responsible Conduct of Research (2018) and adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. This was a multicentre study, and the ethics covers St Vincent’s Hospital Sydney and Liverpool Hospital. All included patients and controls provided written informed consent prior to the use of blood for studying SLE.

: Not applicable

: The authors declare no competing interests