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Authors
Bakhtiar, Handar Subhandi
Ilyas, Amir
Kholiq, Abdul
Bakhtiar, Handina Sulastrina
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi (number 078/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024, number 078/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024, number 078/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024, number 078/E5/PG.02.00.PL/2024)
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Article History
Received: 14 January 2025
Accepted: 17 May 2025
First Online: 29 May 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with academic standards and has received research approval (data collection) from the Indonesian National Police (Polri), based on the official letters of request for data and interviews numbered 951/UN61/FH/TU/2024, 952/UN61/FH/TU/2024, and 953/UN61/FH/TU/2024. Not applicable.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement in the study and was obtained before they completed the questionnaire. The participants were provided with detailed information regarding the study objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits, and their voluntary participation was emphasised. The confidentiality and anonymity of the participants were strictly maintained throughout the study.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
