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Authors
Sabab, Muhammad Widad
Mahat, Naji Arafat
Heo, Chong Chin
Jemon, Khairunadwa
Mohamed Huri, Mohamad Afiq
Zainal-Abidin, Mohamad Hamdi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2023/STG01/UTM/02/1)
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Fundamental Research (Q.J130000.3854.22H68)
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Article History
Received: 10 October 2025
Accepted: 17 January 2026
First Online: 3 February 2026
Declarations
:
: Not applicable.
: All authors consented for its publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
