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Authors
Otorkpa, Ega Joseph https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6921-8338
Shehu, Bello Bala https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9032-5172
Ismail, Nasiru Jinjiri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7166-5734
Otobo, Daniel David https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5003-9427
Obande, Joseph Orinya https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0159-4720
Obanife, Henry https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8457-7768
Olomo, Surajudeen Adekola
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Article History
Received: 3 September 2025
Accepted: 21 May 2026
First Online: 17 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval was granted by the Health Research Ethics Committee (HREC) of the Usman Danfodio University Teaching Hospital (UDUTH), Sokoto state, Nigeria.
Consent for publication: The Usman Danfodio University Teaching Hospital’s HREC granted permission for this study to be used for research presentations as well as publication, as it met the research standard of good practices. Furthermore, all authors on the paper have given their consent for the paper to be published.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Artificial intelligence: Artificial intelligence (Co-Pilot and Grammarly) was used to improve the sentence constructions in this paper, especially in the abstract and discussion sections. No deductions or information were required from or obtained from them. The authors accept responsibility for their usage.
