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Authors
Patel, Bhavesh
Pikov, Victor
Damaser, Margot S.
Boline, Jyl
Tappan, Susan J.
Nickerson, David P.
Ward, Matthew P.
Gunalan, Pallavi K.
Neufeld, Esra
Ludwig, Kip A.
Grethe, Jeffrey S.
Wagenaar, Joost B.
Martone, Maryann E.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (OT2OD030213)
National Institutes of Health (OT2OD023873)
National Institutes of Health, United States (U41NS129514)
National Institutes of Health, United States (OT2OD030541)
National Institutes of Health, United States (OT3OD025349)
National Institutes of Health, United States (OT2OD028183)
National Institutes of Health, United States (OT3OD025348)
National Institutes of Health, United States (OT2OD025340)
National Institutes of Health, United States (OT3OD025347)
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2026
Accepted: 12 August 2026
First Online: 4 September 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: VP is an employee at Medipace Inc and owns stock in Medipace Inc, with no financial support provided from Medipace Inc for writing this review. MSD has patented technology related to the work on this paper licensed to Bright Uro, Inc. EN is an employee and minority shareholder of ZMT Zurich MedTech AG, which commercializes Sim4Life.
