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Authors
Wallez, Solène
Eren, Filiz
Lahaie, Emmanuel
Spilka, Stanislas
Rezag Bara, Selma F.
Bayle, Gauthier
Redonnet, Bertrand
Nguyen-Thanh, Viet
Cadwallader, Jean-Sébastien
Mary-Krause, Murielle
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mission Interministérielle de Lutte Contre les Drogues et les Conduites Addictives (PIRALAD-2022)
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have obtained ethics approval from an appropriately constituted ethics committee/institutional review board where the research entailed animal or human participation.This study was approved by Sorbonne University Research Ethics Committee (n° CER-2023-MARY-KRAUSE-EFAMAC).Information about the ESCAPAD study was provided during the National Defense and Citizenship Day, just before the self-administered questionnaires were completed. Participants could refuse to participate, as explicitly stated in the questionnaire.The Health Barometer was based on the full consent of each individual to participate in the survey and to the processing of their personal data, including health-related data. According to French law, this study did not require approval of a national ethics committee, as it is not legally considered as research involving human participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
