Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 November 2025

Accepted: 20 February 2026

First Online: 3 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted at the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto, Canada. It was approved by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) Research Ethics Board (#091/2024) and the Health Canada Research Ethics Board (2024–010 H). The study was conducted at CAMH in Toronto, Canada. All participants provided informed consent before taking part in this study.

: Not applicable.

: Dr. Bernard Le Foll has obtained funding from Indivior for a clinical trial sponsored by Indivior. Dr. Le Foll has in-kind donations of placebo edibles from Indiva. Dr. Le Foll has obtained industry funding from Canopy Growth Corporation (through research grants handled by the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health and the University of Toronto). He has participated in a session of a National Advisory Board Meeting ( Emerging Trends BUP-XR) for Indivior Canada and is part of Steering Board for a clinical trial for Indivior. He has been consultant for Shinogi, ThirdBridge and Changemark. He is part of a scientific advisory board for NFL Biosciences.He got travel support to attend an event by Bioprojet. He is supported by CAMH, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, a clinician-scientist award from the department of Family and Community Medicine of the University of Toronto and a Chair in Addiction Psychiatry from the department of Psychiatry of University of Toronto. No other authors have any conflicts to declare.