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Authors
Maiwald, Anne
Gomes de Matos, Elena
Olderbak, Sally
Schwarzkopf, Larissa
Koller, Gabriele
Hanewinkel, Reiner
Hammond, David
Hoch, Eva
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Klinikum der Universität München
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Article History
Received: 22 December 2025
Accepted: 16 April 2026
First Online: 28 April 2026
Declarations
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: Respondents provided informed consent prior to completing the survey. The study was reviewed by and received ethics clearance through the University of Waterloo Research Ethics Committee (ORE#31330).
: Not applicable.
: D.H. has provided paid expert testimony on behalf of public health authorities in response to legal claims from the tobacco, vaping, and cannabis industries. The other authors declare no competing interests.
