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Authors
Haupt, Michael Robert
Yang, Joshua S.
Nali, Matthew
Mackey, Tim Ken
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Center for Anti-Counterfeiting and Product Protection (A-CAPP) at Michigan State University
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Article History
Received: 6 October 2025
Accepted: 22 July 2026
First Online: 29 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: IRB approval was obtained from University of California, San Diego (#810321) and all methods and protocols were carried out in accordance with IRB guidelines. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Specifically, participants were shown the consent form and asked whether they agree to participate before starting the survey.
Competing interests: Authors TKM and MN are employees of the startup company S-3 Research LLC. TKM is also a co-founder and co-owner of the company. S-3 Research is a minority owned small business that was originally created through a National Institute on Drug Abuse startup business award and has been subsequently funded through government contracts with Federal agencies to develop research tools and services for data science in public health, including social listening, data mining, and machine learning approaches. Authors report no other conflict of interests associated with this manuscript.
