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Authors
Killel, Erick
Mandara, Faith
Mwakalebela, Fahad S.
Kuwawenaruwa, August
Azizi, Kaunara
Masumo, Ray
Leyna, Germana
Martin, Haikael
Mchau, Geofrey
Elisaria, Ester
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Article History
Received: 14 January 2025
Accepted: 27 May 2025
First Online: 16 June 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical clearance for this study was obtained prior to data collection from the Zanzibar Island Medical Research and Ethics Committee under the ethical clearance certificate with reference number SZEC-2431/R. A/V.1/151. The study involved a vulnerable population (adolescents under 18 years of age), and additional safeguards were implemented to ensure their protection, particularly due to the inclusion of health-related data and the collection of blood samples. Further, ethical approval was secured from the Ifakara Health Institute Institutional Review Board (IHI-IRB) under ethical clearance number IHI/IRB/No: 43–2023. All participants and their guardians were provided with detailed information about the study's objectives and procedures, ensuring informed consent was obtained. Confidentiality and anonymity were maintained throughout the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
