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Article History

Received: 13 March 2025

Accepted: 6 October 2025

First Online: 22 October 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted at the Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences of Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Approval for the project was granted by the Ahmadu Bello University Ethical Committee on Animal Use and Care, with the assigned approval number ABUCAUC/2025/005. All ethical protocols concerning the handling, care, and welfare of the animals were meticulously observed throughout the study, from its inception to its conclusion.

: All the listed authors approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its submission for publication. We affirm that the manuscript is original, has not been published elsewhere, and is not under consideration by any other publication. We also declare that all data, images, or other materials included in the manuscript, where applicable, have been obtained with proper authorization and that necessary permissions have been secured for their publication. By granting this consent, we accept the journal's policies regarding copyright, licensing, and publication ethics.

: The authors declare no competing interests.