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Article History

Received: 21 September 2023

Accepted: 16 January 2024

First Online: 7 March 2024

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the local ethical review committees (Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital Augsburg; Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, LMU Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, 18-0484; Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 323/18 S; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard Karl University, Tübingen, 553/2018B02; Department of Neurology, Ulm University Medical Center, 238/19). All participants gave their informed consent prior to their inclusion in the study. Study procedures are undertaken with the understanding and after written consent of each subject, the study conforms with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants gave their written consent to publish data.

: A. Bayas: personal compensation from Merck Serono, Biogen, Novartis, TEVA, Roche, Sanofi/Genzyme, Celgene/Bristol Myers Squibb, Janssen, Sandoz/HEXAL, Horizon, Alexion, Argenx; grants for congress travel and participation from Biogen, TEVA, Novartis, Sanofi/Genzyme, Merck Serono, Celgene, Janssen. None related to this report. U. Mansmann: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. B.I. Ön: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. V.S. Hoffmann: partially funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ((DIFUTURE), Grant Numbers 01ZZ1603[A-D] and 01ZZ1804[A-H]). A. Berthele: received consulting and/or speaker fees from Alexion, Bayer Healthcare, Biogen, Celgene, Novartis, Roche and Sandoz/Hexal, and his institution has received compensation for clinical trials from Alexion, Biogen, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme; all outside the submitted work. M. Mühlau: funding from German Research Foundation (PP2177, 428223038), the National Institutes of Health (1R01NS112161); Bavarian State Ministry for Science and Art (Program Bavaria—Québec: F.4-V0134.K5.1/86/34); German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), DIFUTURE 01ZZ1603[A-D] and 01ZZ1804[A-I]. M.C. Kowarik: advisory boards and received speaker fees/travel grants from Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme, Novartis, Biogen, Jansen, Alexion, Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb and Roche. He also received research grants from Merck, Sanofi-Genzyme and Celgene/Bristol-Myers Squibb, Roche, Janssen. None related to this work. M. Krumbholz: research grants from Merck and Novartis; travel support and personal fees from BMS, Merck, Novartis and Roche; all unrelated to this manuscript. M. Senel: consulting and/or speaker honoraria from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Horizon, Merck, Roche, and Sanofi Genzyme. She has received travel support from Celgene, and TEVA. She has received research funding from the Hertha-Nathorff-Program. None of this related to the current study. V. Steuerwald: partially funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (DIFUTURE). M. Naumann: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. J. Hartberger: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. M. Kerschensteiner: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. E. Oswald: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. C. Ruschil: supported by fortüne/PATE (no. 2536-0-0/1) from the medical faculty Eberhard-Karls University of Tübingen; not related to this project. U. Ziemann: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. H. Tumani: funding for research projects, lectures, and travel from Alexion, Bayer, Biogen, Celgene/Bristol-Myers-Squibb, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi/Genzyme, Siemens and Teva, and received research support from Chemische Fabrik Karl Bucher GmbH, German Multiple Sclerosis Society (DMSG), and the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF). I. Vardakas: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. F. Albashiti is partially funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research {(DIFUTURE), Grant Numbers 01ZZ1603[A-D] and 01ZZ1804[A-H]}. F. Kramer: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. I. Soto-Rey: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Helmut Spengler: funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ((DIFUTURE), Grant Numbers 01ZZ1603[A-D] and 01ZZ1804[A-I]). G. Mayer: funded by the Digital Europe program of the European Commission (EDITH project no. 101083771). H.A. Kestler: partially funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ((DIFUTURE), Grant Numbers 01ZZ1804I). O. Kohlbacher: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. M. Hagedorn: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. M. Boeker: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. K. Kuhn: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. S. Buchka: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. F. Kohlmayer: funding for providing and maintaining of the study software, DIS from Bitcare GmbH. J. Kirschke: Co-Founder of Bonescreen GmbH. Speaker fees from Novartis. L. Behrens: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. H. Zimmermann: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. B. Bender: Co-Founder and CTO of AIRAmed GmbH, Tübingen. N. Sollmann: no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. J. Havla: reports grants from the Friedrich-Baur-Stiftung, Merck and Horizon, personal fees and non-financial support from Alexion, Horizon, Roche, Merck, Novartis, Biogen, BMS and Janssen, and non-financial support from the Guthy-Jackson Charitable Foundation and The Sumaira Foundation. JH was partially funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research ((DIFUTURE), Grant Numbers 01ZZ1603[A-D] and 01ZZ1804[A-H]). B. Hemmer: funding from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence Strategy within the framework of the Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology [EXC 2145 SyNergy – ID 390857198] and the European commission (MultipleMS). He has served on scientific advisory boards for Novartis and Sandoz; he has served as DMSC member for AllergyCare, Sandoz, Polpharma, Biocon and TG therapeutics; his institution received research grants from Roche for multiple sclerosis research. He has received honoraria for counseling (Gerson Lehrmann Group). He holds part of two patents; one for the detection of antibodies against KIR4.1 in a subpopulation of patients with multiple sclerosis and one for genetic determinants of neutralizing antibodies to interferon. All conflicts are not relevant to the topic of the study.