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Article History

Received: 14 January 2025

Accepted: 14 March 2025

First Online: 7 April 2025

Declarations

:

: The PHADER study including subsequent subgroup analyses was approved by the National/Local Research Ethics Committees of all participating sites. Patients signed a standard Research Ethics Committee approved Informed Consent Form explaining the conditions of study participation; where allowed, a legal representative of patients lacking capacity gave proxy consent.

: Not applicable.

: Dr Bath is Stroke Association Professor of Stroke Medicine and is a National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator; he reports receiving grant funding from the British Heart Foundation, Medical Research Council (MRC) and NIHR, was a co-Chief Investigator of PHADER and reports personal fees from Phagenesis Ltd, CoMind Technologies Ltd, DiaMedica Thereapeutics Inc. and Roche Holding AG.Dr Hamdy is Chief Scientific Officer of Phagenesis Ltd. and holds shares in Phagenesis Ltd; he reports receiving grant funding from the MRC, NIHR and Wellcome Trust; was a co-Chief Investigator of PHADER, a National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Medical Technologies Advisory Committee (NICE MTAC) committee member and interim chair until October 2022 and reviews medical technologies for potential guidance for use in the National Health Service (NHS), UK.Dr Muhle reports receiving speaker fees from Phagenesis Ltd.Dr Mistry is an employee of Phagenesis Ltd.Dr Dziewas was Chief Investigator of PHADER and reports receiving honoraria/fees from Bayer Pharma AG, Boehringer Ingelheim, Daiichi Sankyo, Nestlé, Olympus Corporation, Sanofi and Pfizer Corporation Ltd.Dr Suntrup-Krueger is supported with an endowed professorship by the Else Kröner-Fresenius-Stiftung and reports receiving grants from the German Research Foundation (DFG) and speaker fees from Phagenesis Ltd.Dr Ivy Cheng have no declarations.