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Article History

Received: 9 May 2025

Accepted: 8 July 2025

First Online: 24 July 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by the local Ethics Committee (approval no. 22-10501-BO).

: Each patient provides written informed consent to participate in the study.

: No material from other sources was used that is not freely accessible.

: Christoph Oster has received travel support from Novocure and the European Association of Neuro-Oncology (EANO). He received honoria by Horizon and Novocure. He has received a Clinician Scientist Stipend of the University Medicine Essen Clinician Scientist Academy (UMEA) sponsored by the faculty of medicine and Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). Teresa Schmidt received honoraria and travel support from Novocure. Thomas Hummel did research together with and received funding from Sony, Tokyo, Japan; Smell and Taste Lab, Geneva, Switzerland; Takasago, Paris, France; Baia Foods, Madrid, Spain; Frequency Therapeutics, Farmington, CT, USA; Burghart, Holm, Germany. Björn Scheffler is supported by the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK). Michael Müther received honoraria and travel support from Medac and ITM. Ken Herrmann reported receiving consultant fees from Advanced Accelerator Applications, a Novartis company, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bain Capital, Bayer, Boston Scientific, Convergent, Curium, Debiopharm, EcoR1, Fusion, GE Healthcare, Immedica, Isotopen Technologien München, Janssen, Merck, Molecular Partners, NVision, POINT Biopharma, Pfizer, Radiopharm Theranostics, Rhine Pharma, Siemens Healthineers, Sofie Biosciences, Telix, and Theragnostics, ymabs, receiving research grants from Advanced Accelerator Applications, a Novartis company, Boston Scientific, Janssen, having stock or other ownership interests with AdvanCell, Aktis Oncology, Convergent, NVision, Pharma 15, and Sofie Biosciences. Martin Glas has received research grants from Novocure. He has received honoraria from Roche, Seagan, Servier, Novartis, UCB, Abbvie, Daiichi Sankyo, Bayer, Janssen-Cilag, Kyowa Kirin, Medac, Cecava, CeGaT, Merck and Novocure. He has received travel support from Novocure and Medac. Sied Kebir received honoraria and travel support from Novocure. He has received research support from Servier. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article exist.