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Article History

Received: 5 March 2025

Accepted: 14 July 2025

First Online: 17 July 2025

Declarations

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: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest. Outside the submitted work, the Authors decelare the following.FFK received travel grants from Merck and Novartis and is a Hannover Medical School- and German Research Foundation (DFG)–funded fellow as part of the Clinician Scientist Program (PRACTIS) at Hannover Medical School.TW received honoraria as speaker from Roche and Novartis.DE received honoraria for lecturing and research support from Novartis and Abbvie.DH has no conflicting interests to report.NM received travel grants and honoraria for lecturing from Biogen, Merck, and Novartis and is a Hannover Medical School- and German Research Foundation (DFG)–funded fellow as part of the Clinician Scientist Program (PRACTIS) at Hannover Medical School.KFJ received research support from Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation and travel compensation and congress fee from Merck and Novartis.SN has received travel grants by Merck.LGL received a German Research Foundation (DFG)–funded fellowship as part of the Clinician Scientist Program (Young Academy, Project number 413617135) at Hannover Medical School.KWS reports honoraria for lectures or travel reimbursements for attending meetings from Biogen, Merck, Bavarian Nordic and Bristol-Myers Squibb as well as research support from Bristol-Myers Squibb.LK reports grants from the German Research Foundation, the IZKF Münster, Biogen, Novartis and Merck Serono. She serves on advisory boards and speakers’ panels of Alexion, Argenx, Bayer, Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Grifols, Hexal, Horizon, Janssen, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, Santhera, Teva and Viatris.SP received honoraria for lecturing and compensation for serving on advisory boards from Sanofi, Merck, Biogen, Novartis, Roche, Hexal, and Alexion. He received travel reimbursement from Sanofi, Merck, Novartis, Roche, and Biogen. His research is financially supported by Merck, Novartis, and Biogen.RP received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses from Biogen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Horizon, Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, and Sanofi-Aventis. His research is funded by Merck Serono and Novartis.MP received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, ArgenX, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, Hexal, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Takeda and Teva. His research is funded by ArgenX, Biogen, Demecan, Hexal, Horizon, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Viatris, Takeda and Teva. His research is funded by the the German Alzheimer Foundation and the Braun Foundation.CK received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, Almirall, Astra Zenica, Bayer, Biogen, Biontech, Boehringer Ingelheim Bristol Myers-Squibb, C.T.I., Daiichi Sankyo, Docspert, Merck Serono, Mylan/Viatris, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Stada, Teva, Janssen-Cilag, Horizon Therapeutics, Medscape LLC, Baumgart Consultants, StreamedUp!, Hexal/Sandoz, Agentur Süss.SGM received honoraria for lecturing and travel expenses for attending meetings from Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Bayer Health Care, Biogen, Celgene, Diamed, Genzyme, MedDay Pharmaceuticals, Merck Serono, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, ONO Pharma, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Chugai Pharma, QuintilesIMS, and Teva. His research is funded by the German Ministry for Education and Research (BMBF), Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation, Gemeinsamer Bundesausschuss (G-BA), German Academic Exchange Service, Hertie Foundation, Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Studies (IZKF) Muenster, German Foundation Neurology and by Alexion, Almirall, Amicus Therapeutics Germany, Biogen, Diamed, Fresenius Medical Care, Genzyme, HERZ Burgdorf, Merck Serono, Novartis, ONO Pharma, Roche, and Teva.TS reports research support from Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, CSL Behring, Merck, Novartis, Siemens; honoraria for lectures and travel expenses for attending meetings from Alexion, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, argenx, Bayer Vital, Biogen, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, Centogene, CSL Behring, Euroimmun, Grifols, Hexal AG, Horizon, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Serono, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Siemens, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Teva, Viatris; consultant fees from Alexion, Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Biogen, Centogene, CSL Behring, Grifols, Hexal AG, Janssen-Cilag, Merck Serono, Novartis, Roche, Sanofi, Swedish Orphan Biovitrum, Viatris.