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Article History

Received: 4 January 2025

Accepted: 19 August 2025

First Online: 2 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The study adhered to the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Philipps University, Germany (reference number 86/21).

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.

: Urs Kleinholdermann, Lukas Decher, Tiziano Carapezza and Felicitas Mügge have no competing interests to report. Lars Timmermann LT has received payments as a consultant for Boston Scientific; honoraria as a speaker on symposia sponsored by UCB, Desitin, Boston Scientific, AbbVie, Novartis, GlaxoSmithKline, Neuraxpharm, Teva, the Movement Disorders Society und DIAPLAN. The institution of LT, not LT personally, received funding by Boston Scientific, the German Research Foundation, the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Otto Loewi Foundation and the Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung, outside the submitted work. Neither LT nor any member of his family holds stocks, stock options, patents or financial interests in any of the above-mentioned companies or their competitors. LT serves as the president of the German Neurological Society without any payment or any income. David Pedrosa received honoraria as a speaker at symposia sponsored by AbbVie Inc., Bayer, Bial, Boston Scientific Corp., Esteve Pharmaceuticals, Medtronic and Zambon. He received consultancy fees from AbbVie Inc., Bial, Boston Scientific Corp., Bayer, and Desitin, and he was awarded a scientific grant from Boston Scientific Corp. for a project entitled “Sensor-based Optimization of Deep Brain Stimulation Settings in Parkinson’s Disease” (COMPARE-DBS: Computerized Parameter Optimization of Deep Brain Stimulation in Idiopathic Parkinson’s Syndrome). Lastly, David Pedrosa had his travel expenses reimbursed by Bial, Desitin, Esteve Pharmaceuticals GmbH, and Boston Scientific Corp. for conference participation.