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Authors
Kusuma, Yohanna https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0946-3066
Che, Bizhong
Pillai, Presaad
Nie, Ximing
LL, Leonard Yeo
Sharma, Vijay K.
Wong, Andrew
Riley, Peter
Clissold, Benjamin
Talman, Paul
Bustami, Mursyid
Soertidewi, Lyna
Kemal, M. Arief R.
Putri, Indah A.
Arpandy, Reza Aditya
Laksmi, Nandini Phalita
Rakhmawati, Nurul
Yielder, Paul
Yan, Bernard
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Article History
Received: 9 April 2025
Accepted: 17 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
: This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
: Jakarta participants provided written informed consent. The study protocol was approved by the National Brain Centre Ethics Committee (TU.02.03/KMK/011/2017). For the Australian cohort, written consent was not required because imaging formed part of standard care. Approval: Barwon Health Human Research Ethics Committee (No. 17/46) with registration at the Deakin University Human Research Ethics Committee (2018–393s).
: All participants (or legal guardians, where applicable) provided written consent for publication of de-identified clinical and imaging data. Where images could theoretically enable recognition, consent forms are available to the Editor on request.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
