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Article History

Received: 11 August 2025

Accepted: 29 October 2025

First Online: 4 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Charité Berlin (No. EA1/057/18) on June 22, 2018. All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrolment in the study.

: not applicable.

: Regina von Rennenberg, Simon Litmeier, Kristina Szabo, Annerose Mengel, Martina Petersen, Silke Wunderlich, Dominik Michalski, Bernd Kallmünzer, Gabor Petzold and Martin Dichgans: nothing to disclose. Götz Thomalla: fees as consultant or lecturer from Acandis, Alexion, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, BristolMyersSquibb/Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Lilly, and Stryker. Timo Siepmann: grants from the German Federal Ministry of Health and Kurt Goldstein Institute, royalties from Thieme, and speaker fees from Astra Zeneca and Dresden International University outside the submitted work. Georg Royl: Compensation from Cardinal Health 200 LLC, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Ipsen Pharma. Bristol-Myers Squibb for consultant services; compensation from Novartis Pharma AG for other services. Peter Arthur Ringleb: speaker fee from Boehriger Ingelheim, Bayer and Pfizer, not in context to the topic of this manuscript. Christian H. Nolte: Fees as consultant or lecturer from Alexion, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, BMS, Novartis and Pfizer, not in context to the topic of this manuscript. Matthias Endres: grants from Bayer and fees paid to the Charité from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Bayer Healthcare, BMS, Daiichi Sankyo, Ipsen, all outside the submitted work.