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Article History

Received: 25 May 2024

Accepted: 29 October 2024

First Online: 29 January 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Nigerian Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) IRB-19-006. Further permission was obtained from the Oyo State Ministry of Health Department of Public Health (SMOH/EPID/016/005) and the various officers-in-charge in the healthcare facilities before the commencement of the study. Informed consent was obtained from study participants, specifically, we obtained oral and written informed consent (signed or thumb printed) from all participants, including minors and those with minimal reading and writing skills. We provided clear, simple explanations of the study's purpose, risks, and benefits in the local language. For minors, we obtained consent from their parents or guardians, in addition to assent from the minors themselves, also voluntary participation was ensured stating that participants could withdraw at any time without consequences, we maintained participants' confidentiality by using unique identifiers and storing data securely also guaranteed participants of privacy during interviews and data collection, we also explained potential harms as a temporary discomfort during sample collection to study participants.

: Not applicable.

: All Authors declare that we do not have any competing interests.