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Authors
Mastala, Precious Innocent
Kalonde, Patrick Ken
Chikhola, Enerst
Bailey, Jordana Burdon
Nkhoma, Joseph
Lohr, Frederic
Hiwa, Tamanda
Phiri, Bessie
Wood, Catherine
Kapalamula, Thoko Flav
Bickton, Fanuel
Chiepa, Blessings
Jørgensen, Hannah Joan
Mazeri, Stella
Musaya, Janelisa
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme (206545/Z/17/Z)
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2025
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 7 January 2026
Declarations
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: The research in which these observations were made received ethical approval from the Kamuzu University of Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee (KUREC) under reference number P.01/23/3948, as well as from the Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development (DAHLD), with ethical clearance reference DAHLD/AHC/2023/7.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
