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Authors
Barker, Elyse M.
Small, Clayton M.
Bassham, Susan
Beck, Emily A.
Currey, Mark C.
Healey, Hope M.
Johnson, Bernadette D.
Cresko, William A.
Jones, Adam G.
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Article History
Received: 15 March 2025
Accepted: 20 September 2025
First Online: 27 October 2025
Declarations
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: Research was carried out in compliance with Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (University of Idaho protocol IACUC −2021–50; University of Oregon protocol AUP-20–23). Pipefish were collected under approved permits ( Syngnathus leptorhynchus , Oregon Department of Fisheries and Wildlife permit 24,289).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
