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Authors
Suárez-Mesa, Rafael https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1092-164X
Laghouaouta, Houda https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8578-120X
Estellé, Jordi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6241-1732
Seradj, Ahmad Reza https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8104-4571
Ros-Freixedes, Roger https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3745-6736
Pena, Ramona N. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3558-7302
Estany, Joan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5660-5709
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Agència de Gestió d’Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca de Catalunya
Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (PID2021-125689OB-I00)
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Article History
Received: 19 May 2025
Accepted: 16 December 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: Pigs used in the study were raised and slaughtered following applicable regulations and good practice guidelines on the protection of animals kept for farming purposes, during transport and slaughter. In accordance with European Directive 2010/63/EU and Spanish Royal Decree 53/2013, no invasive procedures or treatments were performed on the animals in this study. The experimental protocol was reviewed by the Ethical Committee on Animal Experimentation of the University of Lleida (CEEA 04–06/21).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
