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Authors
Cummins, Chloe
Sutton, William
McLeod, Taina
Dallas, Jason W.
Ghotbi, Mitra
Vargas-Gastélum, Lluvia
Alexander, N. Reed
Rurik, Alexander J.
McGinnity, Dale
Reinsch, Sherri Doro
Sandonato, Pia
Arbour, Jessica
Freake, Michael
Ashley, Anthony
Ternes, William
Culp, Elizabeth
Spatafora, Joseph
McPhail, Kerry
Stajich, Jason E.
Hardman, Rebecca
Walker, Donald M.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Science Foundation (EF-2125067)
National Science Foundation (EF-2125066)
National Science Foundation (EF-2125065)
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Article History
Received: 21 October 2025
Accepted: 18 February 2026
First Online: 16 April 2026
Declarations
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: All hellbenders sampled in this study were handled with approval from Middle Tennessee State University’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC 22-3002), Nashville Zoo (IACUC 23.03), Tennessee State University (IACUC WS-2021), and Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency (TWRA; permits 5189, 1529, and 2948). The ARRIVE guidelines were followed throughout this study.
: Not applicable.
: DMW is an acting editor at Animal Microbiome.
