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Article History

Received: 2 May 2026

Accepted: 8 June 2026

First Online: 16 June 2026

Declarations

:

: Ethics approval was not required, and consent to participate was not applicable, because the study was a non-interventional analysis of publicly available YouTube videos and publicly visible speech content. The authors did not recruit participants, conduct interviews, interact with creators or viewers, collect private communications, or process restricted-access personal data. Only brief translated excerpts are used for scholarly analysis.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not reproduce images, video stills, unpublished videos, private communications, or identifiable private information. It uses only publicly available channel names and short translated utterance excerpts for scholarly analysis.

: The authors declare no competing interests.