Funding for this research was provided by:
the National Key R&D Program (2022YFF0904100)
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities
Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Revised: 17 October 2025
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 2 March 2026
Declarations
:
: Ya-nan Wang serves as the Executive Associate Editor-in-Chief, and Yue Yu serves as the Associate Editor of Collagen and Leather. They were not involved in the editorial review, or the decision to publish this article. All authors declare that they have no competing interests.