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Article History

Received: 8 September 2025

Revised: 11 January 2026

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 1 May 2026

Declarations

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: All animals used in this study were specific pathogen-free (SPF)-grade, including C57BL/6 JGpt mice and H11-mCol3a1-hCOL3A1-WPRE-PolyA transgenic mice. Both strains were purchased from Gempharmatech Nanjing Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).​ The experimental protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). The approved Animal Protocols were as follows: CDAP202407-3-1 (for wild-type mice) and CDAP20240731-1 (for transgenic mice). Throughout the entire experimental process, all animal care and experimental procedures strictly adhered to the animal welfare guidelines established by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care International (AAALAC International), ensuring the highest standards of animal welfare were maintained.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication in Collagen and Leather . The manuscript has not been published elsewhere and is not under consideration by any other journal. We confirm that all necessary permissions for the use of copyrighted materials have been obtained and any potential conflicts of interest have been disclosed.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.