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Article History

Received: 31 December 2025

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 10 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective study was approved by our institutional review board of Yokohama City University (approval number: B241205073). Informed consent was obtained through passive consent via a notice on the website. All methods were conducted in accordance with applicable guidelines and regulations. Participants were allowed to decline participation through public notification.

: Not applicable.

: . HC receives honorarium from companies and suppliers such as Stryker and Johnson & Johnson for delivering talks and presentations, and received research support from Stryker, Smith and Nephew, and ZimmerBiomet as principal investigator. In addition, HC serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Orthopaedic Research and the Journal of Orthopaedic Science. HC confirms that the above-mentioned conflicts of interest do not affect the results of this study. YI receives a retainership from Stryker, Inc. to deliver presentations. In addition, as principal investigator, he received research support from Stryker, Smith and Nephew, and ZimmerBiomet. He also serves on the editorial boards of the Journal of Arthroplasty and the Journal of Orthopaedic Science, and is also a member of the Editorial Board of Arthroplasty. He declared that all authors were not involved in the journal’s review or decisions related to this manuscript. The other co-authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.