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Article History

Received: 6 January 2026

Accepted: 5 June 2026

First Online: 8 July 2026

Declarations

:

: This retrospective cohort study was approved by the institutional review board (F241000003). The requirement for written informed consent was waived by the institutional review board owing to the retrospective nature of the study, and an opt-out approach was adopted.

: Not applicable.

: HC has received speaker honoraria for paid presentations and research support as a principal investigator from Stryker and Johnson & Johnson. HC also serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Orthopaedic Research, Journal of Clinical Medicine, and also serves on the editorial boards of Arthroplasty, and declares that all authors were not involved in the journal’s review or decisions related to this manuscript. YI has received speaker honoraria for paid presentations from Stryker and has received research support as a principal investigator from Stryker, Smith & Nephew, and Zimmer Biomet. YI also serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Arthroplasty and Journal of Orthopaedic Science. All other authors declare that they have no competing interests.