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Authors
Yin, Xiangjie
Li, Ziquan
Zhu, Yuanpeng
Liu, Di
Zhang, Terry Jianguo
Cai, Siyi
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (No.7254401)
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2025-PUMCH-A-053)
Peking Union Medical College Hospital Talent Cultivation Program (Category D,UHB12420)
Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (7262094)
Beijing Physician Scientist Training Project (BJPSTP-2024-16)
Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 3332023120)
National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC2507700)
CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS, 2024-I2M-TS-002 to N.W.)
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Article History
Received: 26 March 2026
Accepted: 23 July 2026
First Online: 1 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study is a secondary analysis of data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). The OAI obtained ethics approval from the following institutional review boards: the Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island Institutional Review Board; The Ohio State University Biomedical Sciences Institutional Review Board; the University of Pittsburgh Institutional Review Board; the University of Maryland, Baltimore Institutional Review Board; and the Committee on Human Research at the University of California, San Francisco. All OAI participants provided written informed consent. The present secondary analysis used publicly available, de-identified OAI data, and the investigators had no access to participant identifiers. Therefore, additional local ethics review and informed consent were not required. No local approval or waiver reference number was applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
