Funding for this research was provided by:
The National Natural Science Funds of China (42225401)
The National Natural Science Funds of China (42430109)
The National Natural Science Funds of China (42504031)
the Yangtze River Delta Technology Innovation Community Joint Research Program (2025CSJZN01900)
Postdoctoral Research Foundation of China (2025M780216)
the industrial Collaborative Innovation Project (Technology) of Shanghai Municipality (XTCX-KJ-2024-03)
Fundamental and Interdisciplinary Disciplines Breakthrough Plan of the Ministry of Education of China (JYB2025XDXM111)
Article History
Received: 14 December 2025
Revised: 1 July 2026
Accepted: 2 July 2026
First Online: 15 July 2026
Declarations
Competing interests: Bofeng Li is an editorial board member for Satellite Navigation and was not involved in the editorial review or decision to publish this article. All authors declare that they have no competing interests.