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Article History

Received: 14 June 2024

Accepted: 30 October 2024

First Online: 11 November 2024

Declarations

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: This research was conducted according to the general ethical guidelines common to the field of science educational research. Prior to conducting this research, our methodologies were reviewed and approved by the appropriate institutional review board (Approval Number: E & I 19060-01). Our research protocol was designed to be minimally invasive and to be beneficial to both the student and teacher participants. Teachers, students, and parents gave informed consent and were given the opportunity to opt out of all aspects of this research project. Additionally, all participant names have been anonymized to protect student and teacher privacy. This includes the names of our three expert reviewers who have requested to remain anonymous in this publication.

: Our protocol for providing teachers, parents, and students with the information necessary to make decisions about participating in this research were approved by an institutional review board prior to beginning this research. All teachers, students, and parents were given the opportunity to opt out of participating in this research without penalty. For students participating in the screencast collection process, both the students and their parents signed an informed consent form agreeing to have their screen actions and classroom conversations recorded using Screencast-O-matic. Students and parents were not penalized for opting not to participate in the screencast collection process.

: As part of our consent forms, all students, parents, and teachers were made aware of our intent to publish our findings with the broader academic community. This agreement was made with the understanding that student data would remain anonymized, and that any identifiable data would be removed from the final product of this research. Therefore, all students and teachers received pseudonyms and any images of student faces were edited out to protect student identities.

: The authors declare no competing interests.