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Article History

Received: 29 July 2024

Accepted: 28 April 2025

First Online: 2 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This research was attributed the University of Minnesota IRB Study00015017. The IRB determined that the proposed activity is low risk and does not qualify as research involving human subjects as defined by DHHS and FDA regulations. All participants engaged in this study on a volunteer basis. Information regarding the purpose of the study, data collection, and the requirements of the participants was made clear to the interviewees in writing. Risk was limited to cognitive disequilibrium that may surface upon reflection of beliefs about knowledge and knowing in the context of teaching science. Each participant had the right to discontinue participation in the study at any time but was required to complete the course requirements that pertain to lesson planning, pre/post assessment, journaling, and reflection for completion of the course. An informed consent form was offered to each study participant outlining the above and completed forms were secured. Communication about this study in 2021 occurred before the university course began in March of 2021 and this process repeated in March of 2022 for the second semester this course was offered. The author is the principal investigator and course instructor where the participants of this study were drawn.

: All participants gave informed consent for the use of anonymized data, including quotes and reflections, under pseudonyms.

: No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.