Document is current

Article History

Received: 20 June 2026

Accepted: 22 August 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study involving human semen samples was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran (Approval No.: IR.SSU.REC.1404.170). Written informed consent was obtained from all semen donors prior to sample collection. The animal experiments were conducted following approval by the institutional ethical committee (Approval No.: IR.SSU.REC.1404.170) and in accordance with institutional guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images or videos).

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.