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Authors
Ahmed, Darya Rostam https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3987-3848
Kakamad, Karwan Kakabra https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6980-3835
Al-Taie, Rania H. https://orcid.org/0009-0005-2259-0499
Heun, Reinhard https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0392-8959
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: Approval was obtained from the Department of Psychology at Soran University (Approval No. 22D). Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. In the cases where the participants were illiterate, informed consent was obtained from their legally authorised representatives (LAR), such as parents, siblings, or adult children in the case of elderly participants, to consent on their behalf, according to ethical guidelines.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
