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Article History

Received: 18 November 2024

Accepted: 29 August 2025

First Online: 29 September 2025

Declarations

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: The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. In selecting the literature reviewed in this study, we focused on peer-reviewed articles published in indexed scientific journals that investigated sex estimation using the sternum or thoracic structures. We included studies that employed both traditional morphometric techniques (e.g., discriminant analysis) and modern machine learning or deep learning methods. Priority was given to research involving CT imaging, metric data, and population-specific findings, especially those focusing on Turkish or comparable populations. We excluded case reports, reviews without original data, and studies that did not report performance metrics or validation methods. Additionally, studies focusing solely on age or stature estimation without sex differentiation were not considered relevant for our primary research objective.