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Authors
Roslan, Nursyafiqah
Othman, Elza Azri
Mohd Nawawi, Nor Alia Aqilah
Mohd Nasir, Fairuz
Abdullah, Kamarul Amin
Abdullah, Mohammad Farris Iman Leong
Yusoff, Ahmad Nazlim
Mohamad, Mazlyfarina
Abdul Wahab, Nor Shafiza
Abd Hamid, Hamzaini
Abd Hamid, Aini Ismafairus
Wan Mohd Yunus, Wan Mohd Azam
Baharudin, Mohd Norbayusri
Giampietro, Vincent
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Higher Education under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2022/SKK06/UNISZA/02/2)
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Article History
Received: 20 April 2025
Accepted: 2 November 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study protocol was approved by the Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin Human Research and Ethics Committee (UniSZA/UHREC/2023/524) and the Institutional Ethics Committee of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (JEP-2023-846). The study was performed in accordance with the principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.
