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Authors
Wang, Claire https://orcid.org/0009-0000-6543-9768
Sakita, Francis M.
Sumner, Spencer
Shayo, Frida M.
Martin, Zebadia
Msangi, Winnie
Munisi, James J.
Mulesi, Elly
Aboud, Ayshat M.
Bettger, Janet P.
Bosworth, Hayden B.
Hertz, Julian T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7396-4789
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (K23-HL155500)
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 6 January 2026
First Online: 15 January 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval for this follow-up study was obtained from the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR/HQ/R.8a/Vol. IX/2436), Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (Proposal 893), and the Duke Health Institutional Review Board (Pro00090902). All procedures adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (2000 revision). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to survey administration. Materials were available in both English and Swahili to ensure participant understanding, and participation was voluntary. Respondents could decline or withdraw at any time without penalty.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
