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Article History

Received: 17 September 2025

Revised: 4 December 2025

Accepted: 16 December 2025

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

: All participants in this study provided their informed consent prior to participation. They were fully briefed on the purpose of the research, the voluntary nature of their involvement, and their right to withdraw at any stage without penalty. Participants were assured that their identities would remain confidential and that all data would be reported in aggregate form only. Written consent forms were obtained from each participant in accordance with the approved ethical guidelines. Ethics approval for this project was formally obtained prior to data collection. From Massey University’s Code of Ethical Conduct for Research, Teaching, and Evaluations involving Human Participants’ point of view, the proposed research was assessed as meeting the criteria for a low-risk study. The committee assessed this research as low risk. Ethics notification # 4,000,023,852 applies to this research and is approved. To protect participants’ confidentiality, all data were anonymized, and no identifying information was included in the transcripts or analysis. Informed consent was obtained prior to participation, with participants clearly informed about the study’s purpose, their right to withdraw at any time, and how their data would be securely stored and used. All digital data were stored in password-protected devices.

: This study reports only de-identified qualitative data and includes no images or other materials that could lead to participant identification. Therefore, consent for publication is not applicable.

: During the preparation of this work the authors used ChatGPT, developed by OpenAI (2024 version) in order to enhance the readability and language of the manuscript. After using this tool/service, the authors reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.

: The authors declare no competing interests.